Background:
Sense of coherence (SOC) strongly predicts health-related indicators such as depressive tendencies and aggression. However, further investigation of its measurement, related factors, and theoretical positioning is essential. We examined whether SOC is a valid indicator of depressive tendencies, dispositional aggression, and other unique aspects, even when controlling for Dark Triad (DT) and Big Five (BF) traits.

Participants and procedure:
In this quantitative online cross-sectional study conducted in June 2019, data from 1,626 participants (759 men, 867 women; mean age = 29.90, SD = 13.77) were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The survey comprised the Japanese versions of the 29-item SOC scale, Short DT, BF scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire.

Results:
Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and SOC were correlated with hostility (ps < .01); Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and SOC were correlated with anger (ps < .01); Machiavellianism and psychopathy were correlated with verbal aggression (ps < .01); and Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and SOC were correlated with physical aggression (ps < .01). Overall, SOC was correlated with depressive tendencies, hostility, and physical aggression even after accounting for the BF and DT.

Conclusions:
This study reinforces SOC’s value as a unique construct that contributes to understanding personality traits and health-related behaviors. Unlike neuroticism and DT traits, SOC promotes adaptive and prosocial behaviors. It fosters effective stress management, self-development, and resilience. In other words, the multidimensional nature of SOC is thought to encompass both self-centered and prosocial elements, reflecting its role in facilitating coping and personal growth.